Methodology for developing a model of the geo-hydrological system of the Imbrasos Basin (to Heraion of Samos):

I. Data Processing:

• Generating a Digital Elevation Model.
• Delineation of the catchment area surrounding and in connection to the Heraion of Samos.
• Generating the drainage network of the catchment area including surface water levels and discharge data.
• Generating of sub-catchment areas according to special geomorphic characteristics and special land-use characteristics.
• Identifying the geological composition of the wider area under examination.
• Examining the groundwater aquifer systems underlying the catchment area and beyond it’s borders.

1. Topographic, Lithologic, and Land-use characteristics (Source: Gournelos et al., 2014)

Aerial Image of Imbrasos basin (Source: Google Earth)

Since there is no data of discharge for Imbrassos river we should produce our own data.

I. Imbrassos basin will be devided in sub-basins in order to investigate the influence that sub-basins have upon main basin of Imbrassos. We expect to locate sources within the relevant sub-basins.

II. Divers will be installed withing the river as well as at positions that we will locate withing the sub-basins of our system.

III. Four combinations of soil and vegetation will be considered:

1. Marble - Forest
2. Schist - Forest
3. Marble - Maquis (Macchia) shrub-land
4. Schist - Maquis (Macchia) shrub-land

For these 4 standardized cases we will install a metallic plate with a V - cut, along with a pressure sensor.

IV. In order to measure the velocity of water we can use of deuterium, since the area of Imbrassos mouth is a protected wetlands, under the presidential decree Π.Δ. (ΦΕΚ 229/ΑΑΠ/2012).

V. For the first reconnaissance of soil we will make trial hole (Βodenschürfe) and take some probes along.

VI. A soil map that will correlate to the relevant geological map will be also prepared.

VII. Land use will be identified/ standardized in correlation with the 4 standards set at point c. On the basis of spectral reflectance/remote sensing and satellite images of the area we can create the relevant maps once we have identified X locations that have certain features and by taking coordinates and photos of these areas. We can then assign the same characteristics to the areas that we will identify on the satellite images bearing the same features.

Step 0: Study all relevant literature sources and data acquired from the Greek authorities in order to assign correct attributes to all soil types. (topography, Permeability (Kf values), porosity, height etc.). All steps that follow will be re-evaluated on this basis.

Step 1: Define the type of soil layers. The hypothesis is that initially there have been 4 layers,

• (A) marl
• (B) marble
• (C) schist
• (D) dolomite?

The upper layer (A) was corroded while there has been a subsidence of 0.2 m. We would nowadays expect that the overlay of the initial layers is as following:

• (I) alluvium (holocene)
• (II) marl
• (III) marble
• (IV) schist

with an initial estimation of depths as presented below:

• (I): D=12m
• (II): D=50-100M
• (III): D=50m?
• (IV): D=?

This layout offeres a constant change from soil the allows the water filtration (I and III) and other that don't (IV, partially II). We would expect that water makes its way between layers III and IV, since schist wouldn't allow filtration.

Step 2: 3-d geometry of these layers, definition of limits, sealevel and rain

Step 3: Run model, calibrate, check results

The location of Heraion had a great abundance of natural springs that have been a point of identification for the site. At some points there has been a drought (more than one drought episodes) that led to the distinction of the springs, since water course changed decisively. However, due to micro-movements of the soil during the centuries some springs re-appeared at the site, a fact that led to the creation of a cult-tradition in this respect.

This post includes all points to be prepared in regard to Aug.-Sep.2017 campaign at Samos including material to be bought, ways of transportation from Lübeck to Samos, preparation of field work (protocols, labels, cans, bags, etc.) as well as methods to be implemented (tracer measurements, installation of water level gauge etc.)

Maximum depth of each drilling would be 5 meters while the diameter would be at a maximum of 5 cm, meaning that we get a volume of 2*$10^3$ m3 per 1m. Therefore, for a specific weight of 1,5g/cm3, we get 3 kg per 1 meter drilling. Distance between each drilling withing 1 profile should be approximately 3 m.

If we perform all 45 drilling and get up to 5 meters depth we get on a total 45*5*3=675 kg of material produced. This material will be further processed, where each set of 5 drillings will be prepared as following:

1. 1 cylinder will be cut in slices 5 cm thick which will be stored in aluminium bags and will be sent to Germany
2. 2 cylinders will be sent intact to Germany
3. 2 cylinders will be stored at the site of Heraion

Therefore, the soil to be transported should come from 29 drilling, meaning 435 kg (if we get to 5 m depth for all drillings).

This activity will be performed during CW 34, 35 and 36 by Christoph, Modeus, Sebastian, Johanna and Anna.

This activity will be performed during CW 34, 35 and 36 by Mr.Fahlbusch and Johanna.

This activity will be performed during CW 34 by Christoph, Modeus and Anna.

This activity will be performed during CW 34, 35 and 36 by Christoph, Modeus and Anna.

This activity will be performed during CW 34, 35 and 36 by Christoph, Modeus and Anna.

This activity will be performed during CW 32 and 33 by Johanna and Anna.

This activity will be performed during CW 34, 35 and 36 by Christoph, Modeus and Anna.

This activity will be performed with the use of in-situ software during CW 32 and 33 by Anna.

This activity will be performed with a total station during CW 32 and 33 by Johanna and Anna.

This activity will be performed with a total station during CW 32 and 33 by Johanna and Anna.

This activity will be performed during CW 34 , 35 and 36 by Mr.Fahlbusch and Johanna.

This activity will be performed during CW 32 and 33 by Johanna and Anna.

1. Pipe for the transportation of the soil cylinders produced during the drilling. 19 drilling * max.5 m depth= 95 m pipes needed - ordered (UGT)
2. Cans (Dosen) for the transportation of 8 drillings * max. 5 m depth * =150 kg (available)
3. Scale to measure the weight of each bag prepared (available, additional ordered)
4. Chair and table on the site (…)
5. Tent or sheet or both for shadow and controllable photo shooting conditions (…)
6. Metal plates for the water level cauge (min. 2 and max. 6) (to be done: Murjahn)
7. Messflügel (Abflussmesssystem Tracer, In situ stream flow meter)
8. Pipe for the Pürckhauer-Sondagen (ordered)
9. Additional pump (Tauchpumpe) in case we hit ground-water while working in the field
10. Pürckhauer (see: e.g. Provider)
11. Small bottles for water sampling (29 locations of sampling + new location at the marble area of eastern Samos)
12. Bohrstock
13. Drilling
14. Löffel
15. Zarges Kisten
16. Soil color chart munsell Provider in DE, Provider in UK, Provider in USA
17. Labels for the identification of each soil, water & calcium carbonate deposit sample

The soil to be transported from Samos to Lübeck is estimated at 435 kg (both cylinders and thin slices).

Version 0D of the protocol (pdf and odf format) with adjustment of font size (20.00 / 20-07-2017):

protokol_samos_0d.pdf

protokol_samos_0d.ods

Version 0C of the protocol (pdf and odf format) with incorporated comments of Johanna (12.47 / 22-06-2017):

protokol_samos_0c.pdf

protokol_samos_0c.ods

Version 0B of the protocol (pdf and odf format) with incorporated comments of Johanna (12.57 / 19-06-2017):

protokol_samos_0b.pdf

protokol_samos_0b.ods

Version 0A of the protocol to be used during our Aug.-Sep. campaign for registering all drilling information (pdf and odf format) (11.05 / 19-06-2017):

protokol_samos_0a.pdf

protokol_samos_0a.ods

Current report includes the evaluation of data acquired from the Department of Agricultural Economy referring to 7 meteorological stations. First, we look into the data to check their validity and completion in regard to complete time series per hydrological year. Next step is to detect maximum wet - maximum dry hydrological years, as well as to create a formula in order to adjust the rainfall height to the topographical height.

This evaluation has been performed in jupyter notebook with the use of python 2.

<olmap id=“olMapSources” width=“680px” height=“450px” lat=“37.666” lon=“26.883” zoom=“13” statusbar=“1” controls=“1” poihoverstyle=“0” baselyr=“terrain” summary=“Meteorological stations”> 37.7516669854,26.9822219899,-90,.8,marker-blue.png,Samos (Vathi), H=10 m 37.6813526102,26.8779265906,-90,.8,marker-blue.png,Myloi, H=20 m 37.6899999856,26.91499999,-90,.8,marker-blue.png,Airport, H=6 m 37.7802461756,26.7451721293,-90,.8,marker-blue.png,Ydroussa, H=222 m 37.7936851228,26.6819145584,-90,.8,marker-blue.png,Karlovassi, H=7,5 m 37.6826944471,26.8047483496,-90,.8,marker-blue.png,Mpournias, H=734 m 37.7280382337,26.8187868631,-90,.8,marker-green.png,Pandrosos, H=594 m </olmap>

rainfall_meteostation_vathi_samos_1_.pdf

rainfall_meteostation_myloi_samos_rev.02.pdf

rainfall_meteostation_airport_samos-02.pdf

rainfall_meteostation_ydroussa_samos_1_.pdf

rainfall_meteostation_karlovassi_samos-02.pdf

mpournias_meteorological_station_02.pdf

pandrosos_meteorological_station_02.pdf

rainfall_5_meteostations_samos_02.pdf

The time series of rainfall referring to Mpournias' and Pandrosos' meteorological stations cannot be used since they provide insufficient data.

Mpournias' data consist of 5 full hydrological years, as indicated below.

Pandrosos' data provide no complete time-series for any hydrological years.

Therefore, we are going to work with the monthly data coming from airport's and Myloi stations and yearly data coming from Vathy, Karlovassi and Ydroussa meteorological data.

The analysis of each data set has been included above.

Summing up, we get the following information about most wet and most dry year per station:

I. Samos (Vathi)

Max dry season = 501.7 mm at hydr. year 1972-73

Max wet season = 1444.9 mm at hydr. 1952-53

Statistics calculated from 38 hydrological years (mm)

II. Myloi

Max dry season = 450.1 mm at hydr. year 1972-73

Max wet season = 1381.1 mm at hydr. 1952-53

Statistics calculated from 43 hydrological years (mm)

III. Airport

Max dry season = 333.6 mm at hydr. year 1999-00

Max wet season = 1268.3 mm at hydr. 1977-78

Statistics calculated from 37 hydrological years (mm)

IV. Ydroussa

Max dry season = 571.5 mm at hydr. year 1986-87

Max wet season = 1261.9 mm at hydr. 1990-91

Statistics calculated from 7 hydrological years (mm)

V. Karlovassi

Max dry season = 515 mm at hydr. year 1999-00

Max wet season = 1366.5 mm at hydr. year 1954-55

Statistics calculated from 34 hydrological years (mm)

Summing up, the basic statistics for the 5 stations are as follows:

Selecting the maximum dry and wet period we get the following data:

This chapter includes the results of the evaluation of the geological investigation performed by Mourtzas - Kolaite in 1994 ¹⁾. Part of this text is included at the literature review of paleoenvironment at Samos, while here we include the extended version of this evaluation.

Mourzas - Kolaite performed 6 drillings of a maximum depth of 13.65 meters as indicated below:

They found limited samples of fauna at D2' layers 2.40-2.75 m (absolute elevations of 0.475 till 0.1255 m) and D3' layers 3.60-3.90 m (abs. elev. -1.345 till - 1.645 m) and 6.80-.7.80 m (abs. elev. -4.545 till -5.545 m), mainly gastropods with thin white cells, referring exclusively to swamp environment. Further on, they trace down layers of ashy to black color reach in minerals that hosted several flora fragments of two main types. First type refers to a very good preserved yellowish phragmites found at the upper layers of the boreholes. Second type refer to remains of stems and leaves, which indicates to anaerobic conditions and swamp environments. D2 at depth of 2.40 m (+0.475 m abs. elev.) hosts remains of pinaceae and pterydophyta in good condition connected to swamps (²⁾, 64).

D3 at depth of 1.40 m (+0.855 m abs. elev.) hosts only few pterydophyta while at depth of 2.00 m (+0.255 m abs. elev.) we found no assessable remains. At depths 3.80 - 5.10 (-1.545 to -2.845 m abs. elev.) we find very good preserved remains of pinaceae, cypressaceae, liliaceae, iridacaea, quercus, oleaceae, fraxinus, gramineaem and ericaceae, while pteridophyta is the dominant one. These remains correspond to a swampy forest environment. D3 has no assessable remains a deeper layers. D4 hosts at a depth of 2.60 m ( m abs. elev.+0.375 m) some species of preridophyta (³⁾, 64-65).

This group of drillings offers an overview of the paleogeography of Heraion area. It has been a coastal alluvial plateau with river bifurcation, where gravel and sandy ridges are traced. Getting away from the coast we found ourselves at a lower topographical terrain where swamps have been formed. These swamps have been flooded leading to a variation of ground water level, fact that may not have affected the coastal line (⁴⁾, 71).

We recognize two main swamp environments of two different chronological periods. The older one is linked to a major flooding incident (located at a depth of 6.20 – 7.80 m of D3, meaning at a depth of -5.445 to -6.642 m absolute elevation). This event is also spotted at D5 with the creation of coastal gravel ridges (⁵⁾, 71).

A second uplift of ground water level and the swamp sediments connecting to this phase have a maximum thickness of 4 meters at the Heraion area and gets thinner when moving towards the coast. The development of coastal gravely sediments correspond to a sea level uplift while the translocation of these sediments on shore could note exceed the 100 m. Further on is getting clear that we have fluvial environments succeeded by dry periods (⁶⁾, 71-72).

Fluvial deposits possibly derive from Ampelos mountain and the tectonic group of Vourliotes based on their lithology (⁷⁾, 72).

Looking each drilling in detail we get the following information: Deeper layer of D1 at a depth of 8.80-10.80 m ( -6.25 to -8.25 m absolute elevation) consists of sandy and silty alluvial flood sediments. A layer of gravel is spotted at a depth of 6.70 - 8.80 m ( -4.15 to -6.25 m absolute elevation) indicating either a paleo shore or smaller river beds of the alluvial system. The existence of smaller river beds could explain the formation of the layer above (depth of 5.10 - 6.70 m, -2.55 to 4.15 m absolute elevation), where sand and sandy clay prevail. Level at a depth of 3.40 – 4.80 m (0.85 to -2.28 m absolute elevation) consists of gravel deposited along the shore line as well as sea erosion indications. This level lies beneath a sandy allivial – coastal strata (⁸⁾, 68).

Lowest layer of D2 at a depth of 9.00 – 10.00 m (-6.125 to -7.125 m absolute elevation) consists of silty sand with gravel indicating a fluvial environment. Next layer at a depth of 5.70 – 9.00 m (-2.825 to -6.125 m absolute elevation) consists of alterations of loose sand and gravel linked to different fluvial systems, flood side – deposits and river diversions. Layer following at a depth of 2.75 – 5.70 m (0.125 to -2.825 m absolute elevation) refer as well to a flood plain. Indications for the uplift of groundwater level at a depth of 2.40 – 2.75 (0.125 to 0.475 m absolute elevation) are given by the existence of dark black clays with remains of plans and gastropods of swamp origin. Finally, most recent layer (0.00 – 2.40 m, 0.475 to 2.875 m absolute elevation) consists of alluvial deposits (⁹⁾, 69).

Lowest layer of D3 is at a depth of 7.80 – 11.80 m (-6.645 to -8.445 m absolute elevation) consists of low grained alluvial deposits. Upon that we find at a depth of 6.80 – 7.80 m (-5.445 to -6.645 m absolute elevation) a layer of grey silt of lake to swamp origin. At a depth of 5.35 – 6.80 m (-2.445 to -5.445 m absolute elevation) we found flood deposits, consisting of sand and silt with limited amount of gravel. Layer of 0.35 – 5.35 m forms a swamp environment full of flora remains and gastropods, while it appears that anaerobic conditions prevailed. The upper level if this layer (0.35 – 1.35 m) has a smaller percentage of organic deposits, while at this level we can spot the existence of human activities through the existence of pottery fragments (¹⁰⁾, 70).

The deepest layer of D4 at a depth of 8.90 – 10.70 m (-5.925 to -7.725 m absolute elevation) we find silty sand and gravel of torrential origin. Above lies the layer of 7.70 – 8.90 m ( -4.725 to -5.925 m absolute elevation) consisting of coarse gravel and sand with gravel deposited by rivers as well. Further above, at a depth of 4.70 – 7.70 m we find gravely to clay-sandy deposits, formed under anaerobic conditions corresponding to fluvial systems. Next layer at a depth of 3.05 – 4.70 m (-.0.75 to -1.725 m absolute elevation) gravels are most present indicating a change of water dynamic such as the existence of secondary river beds. This layer gets covered by sand and silt up at a depth of 2.75 m ( 0.225 to -0.075 m absolute elevation). A thin layer of swamp origin lies above up to a depth of 2.20 m (0.775 to 0.225 m absolute elevation) consisting of dark ashy clay and silt with plant remains. This layer is correlated with layer 2.40 – 2.75 (0.475 to 0.125 m absolute elevation) of D2. Upper layers of 0 to 2.20 m (2.975 to 0.775 m absolute elevation) correlate with D2 upper layers consisting of pottery fragments (¹¹⁾, 69-70).

These two drillings (D5-D6) performed at a vertical axis to the seashore offer an interesting cross-section of the seaside at a length of approx. 80 m. D5 presents possibly an older sea level uplift at -7.88 to -9.88 m below current sea level, which could also be interpreted as a translocation of the coastal gravel ridges. The most recent sea level uplift however is spotted at both drillings all along the cross-section. Near the modern shore at D5 (depth of 2.8-6.25 m, meaning -0.68 to -4.13 m below current sea-level) coastal gravel ridges, while a bit further inland at D6 (depth of 3.25-4.8 m, meaning -1.18 to -2.73 m below current sea-level) we find as well sandy layers embedded within the alluvial system (¹²⁾, 67-68).

Looking each drilling in detail we get the following information: Deeper layers of D5 have been created within a fluvial ecosystem. We find at depths 12.00 to 13.65 m (absolute elevation of -9.88 to -11.53 m) coarse grained sediments consisting of gravel and clay. This finding refers to a combination of alluvial delta and channel, along with mouth bars and deposits of floods (levees). Upon this layer at depths 11.75 - 12.00 m (absolute elevation of -9.63 to -9.88 m) we find a thin layer of coastal gravel ridge linked to sea erosion. Approximately 1 meter above at depths 10.90 - 10.00 m (absolute elevation of -7.88 to -8.78 m) we keep finding indications of the existence of coastal gravel ridges. At a depth of 10.00 – 12.00 m (absolute elevation of -7.88 to -9.88 m) we spot an ground water table uplift. A fine-grained sandy silt referring to flood incidents lay above at depths of 6.25 - 10.00 m (-4.13 to -7.88 m absolute elevation). At depths of 2.80-6.25 m (-0.68 to -4.13 m absolute elevation) we find again coastal gravel ridges indicating the relevant uplift of sea level. The upper layers of this drilling consist of river - fine-grained sediments (¹³⁾, 66-67).

At D6 we find a bigger layer of fluvial coarse to fine-grained clastic material at depths of 10.45 to 13.10 m (-8.38 to -11.03 m absolute elevation). Further above between 7.90 and 10.45 m (-5.83 to -8.38 m absolute elevation) we find a layer of silt and sand of flood origin. This system is covered by seaside sediments such as back ridge sediments (referring to depths from 3.25 to 4.80 m, meaning -1.18 to -2.73 m absolute height). Upper layers consist of fluvial sediments (¹⁴⁾, 67).

This plateau is a coastal alluvial terrain on motion, keep changing under the influence of floods, change of river course, meandering and depositing a big volume of sediments at the estuary. Further on, there is a constant development of lagoons, swamps, dams and low hills. Under the influence of sea currents and waves at the shallow estuary environment there has been created gravel ridges along the sea shore (¹⁵⁾, 74).

They continue distinguishing three major sea level changes that haven’t been dated. The older on is spotted a depth of 7.85-9.90 m below today's sea level and it gets correlated to Lower Holocene (7000 year before present) . The next one which corresponds to a swamp plateau for Heraion is at a depth of 4.00-5.60 m, corresponding to Lower - Middle Holocene (5000 - 7000 year before present) . The last and most recent one is at a depth of 1.60-3.10 m, again connected to a swamp environment (Mourtzas - Kolaitē 1994, 76-77). They conclude that Heraion belongs to a system which is constantly changing, often flooding, with great variation on torrent course. Additionally, main characteristic of the site is the formation of dams, lagoons and swamps. (Mourzas, Kolaitē 1994, 74)

The last phase of sea-level change as described above (1.60-3.10 m below current sea level) is linked to a layer of well-preserved flora remains. Olaeacea, Cypressacea, Quercus, Iridacea, Liliacea remains indicate an abundance of vegetation as well as the existence of forest. Oleacea could be linked to cultivation as well. Pterydophyta and Pinaceae, being typical wetland vegetation are also present at the upper level if this layer. This shift from forest to open low vegetation could be attributed to human-made factors, such as deforestation which could also explain the flooding incidents linked with this layer (¹⁶⁾, 75).

There is a further sea level uplift that can be identified at the submerged shores at a depth of 50 cm for the eastern part of Samos. This most recent submerge of the land can be deducted as well from the following points (¹⁷⁾, 76):

• Ground water flooding the foundation of Roikos Temple (570/560 BC), which would explain its translocation 40 m to the west and 6 m to the south as well as the choice of building it at a higher elevation.

• Ground water level uplift at the cistern of 7th century BC (17 m south of the South Stoa).

• Ground water flooding of Artemisio Temple's foundation.

• Sea water flooding the bottom of ancient query east of Pythagoreion.

This chapter includes the results of 13C analysis performed by Hydroisotop GmbH in Spring 2018.

beprobung_13c_samos_fhl_results.xls }

This chapter refers to the analysis of the grain size of the soil samples taken during the drillings in August and September 2018 at Samos.

Tagebuch

tagebuch_korngroessenanalyse.xlsx

Korngrößenanalysen

korngroessenverteilung_stand_08042019.xlsx